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Below are the objectives for Grade 9.  Click on the link  for students or  for teachers for any objective to see the resources available or to add your own resource.

Home – Science - Grade 9

 

Standard 2: Physical

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Benchmark

Indicator

  

A.   Describe that matter is made of minute particles called       atoms and atoms are compromised of even smaller       components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms.

1.   Recognize that all atoms of the same element contain the       same number of protons, and elements with the same       number of protons may or may not have the same mass.       Those with different masses (different numbers of neutrons)

      are called isotopes.

2.       Illustrate that atoms with the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons are electrically neutral.

      Show that when elements are listed in order  according to the       number of protons (called the atomic number), the repeating       patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of       elements. Recognize that the periodic table was formed as a result       of the repeating pattern of electron configurations.

B.   Explain how atoms react with each other to form other       substances and how molecules react with each other or       other atoms to form even different substances.

5.   Describe how ions are formed when an atom or a group of atoms       acquire an unbalanced charge by gaining or losing one or more       electrons.

6.   Explain that the electric force between the nucleus and the       electrons hold an atom together. Relate that on a larger scale,       electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together (e.g., salt       crystals, water).

6.       Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining or sharing electrons and that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the same before and after the reaction (e.g., writing correct chemical formulas and writing balanced chemical equations).

8.    Demonstrate that the pH scale (0-14) is used to measure       acidity and classify substances or solutions as acidic,       basic, or neutral.

C.   Describe the identifiable physical properties of substances       (e.g., color, hardness, conductivity, density, concentration,       ductility). Explain how changes in these properties can       occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance.

9.   Investigate the properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g.,       ensity, conductivity, hardness, properties of alloys,       superconductors and semiconductors).

10.  Compare the conductivity of different materials and explain the role       of electrons in the ability to conduct electricity.

 

D.   Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s       three laws of motion.

21.  Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on       the observer’s frame of reference and describe the object’s motion       in terms of position, velocity, acceleration and time.

22.  Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest       or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an       unbalanced (net) force acts on it.

23.   Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

24.   Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on the first object.

25.  Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the       motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on       an inclined plane, a person running, and an airplane in flight.

 

E.   Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either       kinetic (motion) or potential (stored).

12.  Explain how an object’s kinetic energy depends on its       mass and its speed.

13.  Demonstrate that near Earth’s surface an object’s gravitational       potential energy depends upon its weight (mg where m is the       object’s mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity) and height       (h) above a reference surface (PE=mgh).

F.   Explain how energy may change from or be redistributed but the       total quantity of energy is conserved.

3.   Describe radioactive substances as unstable nuclei that undergo       random spontaneous nuclear decay emitting particles and/or high-      energy wavelike radiation.

11.  Explain how thermal energy exists in the random motion and       vibrations of atoms and molecules. Recognize that the higher the       temperature, the greater the average atomic or molecular motion,       and during changes of state the temperature remains constant.

14.  Summarize how nuclear reactions convert a small amount of       matter into a large amount of matter into a large amount of energy.       (Fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei;       fusion is the joining of two small nuclei into a larger nucleus at       extremely high energies).

15.  Trace the transformations of energy within a system (e.g.,       chemical to electrical to mechanical) and recognize that energy is       conserved. Show that these transformations involve the release of       some thermal energy.

16.  Illustrate that chemical reactions are either endothermic or       exothermic (e.g., cold packs, hot packs and the burning of fossil       fuels).

17.  Demonstrate that thermal energy can be transferred by       conduction, convection or radiation (e.g., through materials by       the collision of particles, moving air masses or across empty       space by forms of electromagnetic radiation).

G.   Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, light) have       energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with       matter.

18.  Demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy.       Recognize that light acts as a wave. Show that visible light is a       part of the lectromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves,       microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma       rays).

19.  Show how the properties of a wave depend on the properties of the       medium through which it travels. Recognize that electromagnetic       waves can be propagated without a medium.

20.  Describe how waves can superimpose on one another when       propagated in the same medium. Analyze conditions in which       waves can bend around corners, reflect off surfaces, are absorbed       by materials they enter, and change direction and speed when       entering a different material.

 

H.   Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and       ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of physical       sciences.

26.  Use historical examples to explain how new ideas are limited by       the context in which they are conceived; are often initially rejected       by the scientific establishment; sometimes spring from       unexpected findings; and usually grow slowly through contributions       from many different investigators (e.g., atomic theory, quantum       theory, Newtonian mechanics).

27.  Describe advances and issues in physical science that have       important, long lasting effects on science and society (e.g., atomic       theory, quantum theory, Newtonian mechanics, nuclear energy,       nanotechnology, plastics and ceramics and communication       technology).

 

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