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Below are the objectives for
Grade 12. Click on the link 
for students or 
for
teachers for any objective to see the resources available or to add your own
resource.
Standard 3: Physical
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Benchmark |
Indicator
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A. Explain how variations in the
arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules from the basis of a variety of
biological, chemical and physical phenomena. |
1. Explain how atoms join with one
another in various combinations in distinct molecules or in repeating crystal
patterns. 2. Describe how physical, chemical
or ecological system in equilibrium may return to the same state of
equilibrium if the disturbances it experiences are small. Large disturbances
may cause it to escape that equilibrium and eventually settle into some other
state of equilibrium. 3. Explain how all matter tends
toward more disorganized states and describe real world examples (e.g.,
erosion of rocks, expansion of the universe). 4. Recognize that at low
temperatures some materials become super conducting and offer little or not resistance
to the flow of electrons. |
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B. Recognize that some atomic nuclei
are unstable and will spontaneously break down. |
10. Explain the characteristics of isotopes. The
nucleus of radioactive isotopes is unstable and spontaneously decays emitting
particles and/or wavelike radiation. It cannot be predicted exactly when, if
ever, an unstable nucleus will decay, but a large group of identical nuclei
decay at a predictable rate. 11. Use the predictability of decay rates and the
concept of half-life to explain how radioactive substances can be used in
estimating the age of materials. |
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C. Describe how atoms and molecules can
gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts. |
12. Describe how different atomic energy levels
are associated with the electron configurations of atoms and electron
configurations (and/or conformations) of molecules. 13. Explain how atoms and molecules can gain or
lose energy in particular discrete amounts (quanta or packets); therefore they
can only absorb or emit light at the wavelengths corresponding to these
amounts. |
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D. Apply principles of forces and motion
to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or
systems. |
5. Use and apply the laws of motion
to analyze, describe and predict the effects of forces on the motions of
objects mathematically. ·
Apply the Law
of Conservation of momentum to the motions of objects ·
Apply the Laws
of Motion to curvelinear and rotational motions ·
Use Laws of
Motion to explain oscillatory motions ·
Compare and
contrast one, two and three dimensional motions 6. Recognize that the nuclear forces
that hold the nucleus of an atom together, at nuclear distances, are stronger
than the electric forces that would make it fly apart. 7. Recognize that nuclear forces are
much stronger than electromagnetic forces, and electromagnetic forces are
vastly stronger than gravitational forces. The strength of the nuclear forces
explains why greater amounts of energy are released from nuclear reactions
(e.g., from atomic and hydrogen bombs and in the Sun and other stars). 8. Describe how the observed
wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the source and the
observer (Doppler effect). If either is moving towards the other, the observed
wavelength is shorter; if either is moving away, the observed wavelength is
longer (e.g., weather radar, bat echoes). 9. Describe
how gravitational forces act between all masses and always create a force of
attraction. Recognize that the strength of the force is proportional to the
masses and weakens rapidly with increasing distance between them. |
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E. Summarize the historical
development of scientific theories and ideas within the study of physical
sciences. |
14. Use historical examples to explain how new
ideas are limited by the context in which they are conceived; are often
initially rejected by the scientific establishment; sometimes spring from
unexpected findings; and usually grow slowly through contributions from many
different investigators (e.g., nuclear energy, quantum theory, theory of
relativity). 15. Describe concepts/ideas in physical sciences
that have important, long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g.,
quantum theory, theory of relativity, age of the universe). |
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F. Apply principles of waves to
describe sound and light phenomena. |
16. Explain properties of sound as a wave (e.g.,
intensity, frequency, harmonics and resonance). 17. Relate properties of mirrors and lenses to the
principles of refraction and reflection. |
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