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Below are the objectives for Grade 10.  Click on the link  for students or  for teachers for any objective to see the resources available or to add your own resource.

Home – Science - Grade 10

 

Standard 1: Life

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A.   Explain that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of       living organisms, that once life originated all cells come from pre-      existing cells, and that there are a variety of cell types.

1.   Explain that living cells:

·         Are composed of a small number of key chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur)

·         Are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

·         Come from pre-existing cells after life originated

·         Are different from viruses

·         Distinguish characteristics of living and non-living things

·         Arise from sexual and asexual reproduction

2.   Compare the structure, function and interrelatedness of cell       organelles in eukaryotic cells  (e.g., nucleus, chromosome,       mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia, flagella)       and prokaryotic cells.

2.a  Differentiate between unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.

2.b  Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells.

2.c  Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

B.   Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by cellular       processes and describe the process of cell division and       development.

 

C.   Explain that genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of       inheritance.

3.   Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by cellular       processes including:

·         Homeostasis

·         Energy use from metabolism of ATP (catabolism & anabolism)

·         Transportation of molecules

·         Disposal of wastes

·         Synthesis of new molecules

·         Active or passive transport

·         Reproduction

4.   Summarize the general processes/and explain the differences of       cell division and differentiation through:

·         The different phases of the cell cycle

·         Steps of mitosis

·         Steps in meiosis

·         The controlling factors

·         The processes of spermatogenesis and cogenesis

·         Observe and record the process of fertilization

5.   Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function of       DNA to protein synthesis and the characteristics of an       organism.

Ca. Explain that genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of       inheritance.

5.a  Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function of an       organism through:

·         Replication and transcription

·         Steps in protein synthesis (translation)

·         Structure of the nucleic acids and amino acids

·         Nucleus acid functions

6.   Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene, and       genes may occur in different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for       pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).

7.   Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are mutations, which       are a source of genetic variation. When mutations occur in sex       cells, they may be passed on to future generations; mutations that       occur in body cells may affect the functioning of that cell or the       organism in which that cell is found.

7.a  Differentiate between the different types of mutations.

8.   Use the concepts of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics (e.g.,       segregation, independent assortment, dominant and recessive       traits, sex-linked traits, jumping genes) to explain inheritance:

·         By Mendel’s classic experiment

·         Through laws of probability in genetics

·         By comparing and contrasting monohybrids, dihybrids, and test crosses

·         Giving examples of homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive genes.

·         From the results of various crosses

D.   Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of matter through       biological and ecological systems (cellular, organismal and       ecological).

9.       Describe how matter cycles and energy flows through different levels of organization in living systems and between living systems and the physical environment.  Explain how some energy is stored and much is dissipated into the environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs and energy pyramids)

10.  Describe how cells and organisms acquire and release energy       (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, cellular respiration and       fermentation).

·         Compare and contrast the biochemical reactions of cell respiration and photosynthesis

·         Trace the basic principles of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination in animals

·         Relate the laws of thermodynamics to energy transformations in cells

·         Analyze the differences between the phases of photosynthesis

·         Recognize the different forms of carbon fixation used in arid climates

·         Relate ATP to energy coupling

·         Analyze how enzymes control chemical reactions

11.  Explain that living organisms use matter and energy to synthesize a variety of organic molecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids) and to drive life processes (e.g., growth, reacting to the environment, reproduction and movement).

12.  Differentiate between elements and compounds and how atomic and molecular structures determine element and compound behavior through chemical bonding.

 

E.   Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute to an       understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

13.  Describe that biological classification:

·         Differentiate between the different systems of classification

·         Differentiate between archaebacteria, eubacteria and eulearya (Three Domain System)

·         Compare and contrast the characteristics of each major kingdom

·         Differentiate between systematics and cladistics

14.  Discuss the steps in the Theory of Natural Selection:

·         Analyze the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

·         Differentiate between genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and nonrandom mating

·         Analyze the biological species concept

Discuss the different reproductive barriers:

·         Differentiate between the different methods of speciation

·         Differentiate between the gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

        Explain the concepts of macroevolution.

      Differentiate between systematic and cladistics.

      Recognize the steps in the evolution of prokaryotic and       eukaryotic cells.

      Identify evidence for evolution.

      Provide historical examples of evolution.

15.  Understand that chemical reactions change the composition of       matter. Understand how physical factors affect living organisms.       Relate carbon structure and functional groups to organic       chemistry. Differentiate between the structure and function of the       different organic polymers.

16.  Relate diversity and adaptation to structures and their       functions in living organisms (e.g., adaptive radiation). 

 

F.   Explain the structure and function of ecosystems and relate       how ecosystems change over time.

17.  Explain how living things interact with biotic and abiotic       components of the environment (e.g., predation, competition,       natural disasters and weather).

18.  Relate how distribution and abundance of organisms and       populations in ecosystems are limited by the ability of the       ecosystem to recycle materials and the availability of matter,       space and energy.

19.  Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic fluctuations around       a state of approximate equilibrium that can change when climate       changes, when one or more new species appear as a result of       immigration or when one or more species disappear.

 

G.   Describe how human activity can impact the status of       natural systems.

20.  Describe ways that human activities can deliberately or       inadvertently alter the equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how       changes in technology/biotechnology can cause significant       changes, either positive or negative, in environmental quality and       carrying capacity.

·         Differentiate between different methods of recombinant DNA technology

·         Analyze the uses of recombinant DNA technology

21.  Illustrate how uses of resources at local, state, regional,       national, and global levels have affected the quality of life (e.g.,       energy production, sustainable vs. nonsustainable agriculture).

 

H.   Describe a foundation of biological evolution as the change in       gene frequency of a population over time. Explain the historical       and current scientific developments, mechanisms and processes       of biological evolution. Describe how scientists continue to       investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.

I.    Explain how natural selection and other evolutionary       mechanisms account for the unity and diversity of past and       present life forms.

J.    Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and       ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of life sciences.

22.  Recognize the three major tissue systems of plants and their       functions.

23.  Trace the different forms of transport in plants.

24.  Become familiar with the different aspects of plant nutrition.

25.  Compare and contrast monocots and dicots.

26.  List the organs of a plant and the functions of these organs.

27.  Trace the major plant hormones and their functions. Trace the       principles behind turgor movements and trophisms in plants.

28.  Investigate how biological clocks influence photoperiodism.       Differentiate between the different control systems in plants.

 

J.    Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and       ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of life sciences.

 

29. Know the principles of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants.

30. Differentiate between the major tissues of animals.

31.  Investigate how gases are exchanged in animals.

32.  Identify the nonspecific mechanisms in the body’s defenses       against invasion and the general principles of how the immune       system works.

33.  Explain the structure and function of neurons. List the       functional components of the vertebrate nervous system.

34.  Compare and contrast hydroskeletons, exoskeletons, and       endoskeletons. Summarize response mechanisms of       organisms to the environment.

35.  Trace the gram stain technique.

36.   Identify the different modes of bacterial reproduction, nutrition, and respiration. Summarize the structural functional characteristics of the different types of protests and fungi and invertebrates and vertebrates.

37. Understand the principles of asexual reproduction in animals.       Differentiate between the different sexual reproductive systems in       animals

 

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